In such compound, normally the head element appears as the right-handmost constituent of the word. In the phrase dogs and demons, there are two head words, dogs and demons., In compound words, two words merge together to create a third word that combines attributes from both. Most English compound nouns are endocentric. Root merger in Chinese compounds. A blue bird = any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun). Which is an exocentric compound without a head word? The rest of the phrase, apart from the head, is optional and can be removed without losing the basic meaning. The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as 'AB is (a) B'. The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as AB is (a) B. British English and American English are only different when it comes to slang words. The opera Turandot features an Asian princess who many men wish to marry. The difference between endocentric and exocentric constructions is also usually the difference between phrases and clauses. What is endocentric and exocentric compound? "Typically,bahuvrihis are made up of a noun (the possessed noun) and a modifier for that noun. Traditional phrase structure trees are mostly endocentric, although the initial binary division of the clause is exocentric (S NP VP), as mentioned above, e.g. Cf. Though compound nouns are usually endocentric, a large number are exocentric. An example of this is the house in fun house or mad house. Collocations such as red herring indicate that the herring is the head word, but by itself, the meaning is lost. Similarly one may ask, what is an Endocentric compound? The compound also retains the primary syntactic features of boat, since both are nouns. Compounds can be divided into four sub-classes. What is exocentric model? Examples: The students are already in the classroom.-a room used to hold or conduct classes. The distinction is hardly present in dependency grammars, since they are dependency-based. For example, in Mandarin, co-ordinate compounds behave differently in terms of theta-assignment from (endocentric) resultative verb compounds. Semantically an endocentric compound indicates a sub-grouping within the class of entities that the head denotes. Compounding 5 6. "What Is an Exocentric Compound?" Exocentricity is used in the treatment of non-configurational languages. Cant you have good will as well? Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Also called a headless compound. 2)Monday mornings are terrible for me. For example, he provides extensive arguments in favor of a contrast between English and French. Designer-builder is a person who designs and builds. Egghead suggests someone who is studious or intellectual (originally a 'bald person', possibly associated with academics). White-collar is a collar that is white (and therefore associated with office workers). For example: actor-manager, producer-director, theatre-museum etc. they are necessarily headed structures. The head phrase here is will.. Cat food tells us what type of food (food intended for cats). Which type of compound is written with a hyphen? Three types of compounds Endocentric compounds : AB is an instance of B : houseboat is a type of boat ; a person . Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions. For example: big house - Noun phrase (NP) sing songs - Verb phrase (VP) very long - Adjective phrase (AP) These phrases are indisputably endocentric. The endo- vs. exocentric distinction is possible in phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars), since they are constituency-based. The endocentric word of a noun phrase is the most important word contained within the phrase. As adjectives the difference between endocentric and exocentric. The word "bedroom" is made up of two nouns, bed and room. Most compounds in English are endocentric, that is, one of the elements (typically the right-hand element) is the head of the construction. In some languages compounds . Other examples of endocentric constructions in compounds include the 'saw' in 'hacksaw' and the 'brush' in 'hairbrush. The author figures out that the productivity of root compounding is in fact an unequivocal point of cross-linguistic variation. For example, 'I love to travel, but I hate to arrive.'. In some cases, though, the central meaning isn't carried by the head. 1 What is an endocentric compound examples? A compound will be called "endocentric" if it contains a "head" morpheme that determines its morphosyntactic features and general semantic type. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? Definition and Examples of Grammaticalization, Meaning and Examples of Inflectional Morphemes, What Are Metonyms? The meaning is external to the words "red" and "head". Greenhouse is an endocentric compound, since it is a noun as is its head house. fig. Similarly, sing songs is a verb phrase in line with its part sing, which is a verb. These compoundsdo not denote the same kind of entity as their final elements." What is the difference of Endocentric and Exocentric? These constructions can be of two types: a) Subordinate: When the resulting phrase or constituent belongs to the same syntactic class as one of its constituents, which is considered core. Appositional compounds are made up of (two) words that each describe the compound differently. For example, a newspaper is a kind of paper and a textbook is a kind of book. Examples of exocentric compounds include scarecrow, redhead, pickpocket, showoff and paperback. Compounds can be a combination of noun plus noun, verb plus noun, adjective plus noun etc. Linguistics 163, November 1975, pp. To save this word, you'll need to log in. If the head of the compound word is the free morpheme that occurs on the right, it is called endocentric and the first morpheme is called the dependent. Mother-in-law. In English grammar, compounding is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). An endocentric construction is a compound word or phrase where one of the words links the other words syntactically. Activity 1. Biography is a compound of the Greek words bios (life) and graphia (writing), which by the 17th century had become biography. Give an example. Endocentric phrase is one which functionally equivalent to the one or more constituents. XY) a category status that is distinct from both X and Y. For example, employment is made of the verb employ plus the suffix morpheme -ment. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The English compounds newspaper, textbook, classroom, handbag and bookstore are examples of endocentric compounds. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/exocentric-compound-words-1690583. The suspended compound is used to avoid repetition with longer words. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. itself a compound), it In flower book, for example, the head is book. a phrase or compound word) is said to be endocentric if it fulfils the same linguistic function as one of its parts, and exocentric if it does not. Open form, closed form, and hyphenated form. The one exocentric division disappears in the corresponding dependency tree: Dependency positions the finite verb as the root of the entire tree, which means the initial exocentric division is impossible. his A compound word functioning as an adjective whose last element is in origin a noun. This argument would have to ignore the numerous occurrences of coordinate structures that lack a coordinator (asyndeton), however. Based on data obtained from Spanish dictionaries and databases of the past thousand years, it documents the evolution of the major compounding patterns of the language. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Compound nouns can be written in three ways. The word "greenhouse" is made up of an adjective and a noun, green and house. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. of the users don't pass the Compounding quiz! The noun change-over is exocentric, and so are 'verb-complement' noun compounds like stop-gap, along with adjective + noun and noun + noun compounds like air-head, paperback, lowlife. Short- and long-term plans are equally valid. The newspapers this morning were sold out.-a type of paper which contains news It is a requirement in X-bar theory that phrases be endocentric. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Endocentric. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/endocentric. The theory proposed by Libben (1998) was used to describe the semantic transparency of the compound words. the compounds that represent a subtype of whatever the head represents. Musician-writer-fillmmaker is a musician who is also a professional writer and filmmaker. Compounds and Compounding - October 2017. What Is an Exocentric Compound? Chang, S.-M. & Tang, T.-C. (2009). Endocentric compounds have a head that determines the meaning and the category of the compound, and in English, the head is the second part of the compound. Co-ordinate compounds can have special characteristics in a language. Other examples of endocentric constructions in compounds include the saw in hacksaw and the brush in hairbrush.. [13] As such, Warlpiri sentences exhibit exceptionally flat surface structure. The semantic head is often defined as the hyperonym from which the denotation of the compound is derived, with exocentric compounds being those whose denotation is not a subclass of that of their head element. 518. Its 100% free. (1)a.tennisball (attributivecompound) . For example, the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. Green thumb suggests a person who is good at growing green things eg a gardener. This means that compounds can be a combination of noun plus noun, verb plus noun, adjective plus noun, etc. Scalise, S., Fbregas, A., & Forza, F. (2009). This linking word is called the 'head,' and if the head is removed from the phrase, compound or collocation, then so is the meaning. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse, which is made up of a noun plus noun . An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the meaning of the head. For instance, a tuinman-chauffeur gardener-chauffeur is someone who is both a gardener and a chauffeur. The upper tree on the right, in contrast, is exocentric, because neither of the parts projects its category status up to the mother node; Z is a category distinct from X or Y. due to zero-derivation) in his opinion.". A + B = 'the sum' of what A and B denote. A compound is made up of various parts of speech such as a noun, verb, and adverb. 2001. Simple Verbal Preaching (C. In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. Lehmann, Volkmar. A compound noun describes a person, place, or thing. What does the compound word bittersweet mean? The compound showoff is an example of a compound noun which has no noun. For example, a footstool is not a particular type of stool that is like a foot . The head of English compounds is on the right. Neoclassical compounds involve combining forms. One might argue that the coordinator is the head of the coordinate structure, which would make it endocentric. 1976. The Definition of Exocentricity and the Classification of Compounds 3.1. A phrase lacking a head is known as exocentric, and phrases with heads are endocentric. However, if they wish to do so, they must answer three riddles c English has eight inflectional affixes. Wujastyk, Dominik. For example, the noun blackboard is endocentric in that it refers to a type of . "Categories of Word-Formation." (2019: 48-50). compounds lack a clear head and are also often called compounds. The central meaning of each one is carried by the second word of the compound. The phrase big house is a noun phrase in line with its part house, which is a noun. The head word comes second and categorizes the compound. [ 2] Footnotes [ 1] Endocentric and exocentric - Wikipedia [ 2] Silverfish - Wikipedia 1.2K views Christina Biava Because is indeed a compound word because it can be broken down into two separate words be and cause. If you can spot two separate words within a single word, its likely a compound word. John Benjamins, 2010. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Compound nouns can be written in two ways: open form, and hyphenated form. Is it easy to get an internship at Microsoft? Brahuvrihi compounds are a subclass of exocentric compounds, and are also known as possessive compounds. Lexical-Functional Grammar: An introduction to parallel constraint-based syntax. This is an endocentric noun. For example, instead of saying 'these prehistoric tribes were both hunters and gatherers' you could say 'these prehistoric tribes were hunter-gatherers'. Note terminologique: endocentrique-exocentrique. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? This means that the central meaning of the compound is carried by the head. A and B offer different descriptions for the same thing or person. Endocentric Compound Endocentric Compound is a type of compound whose meaning is a hyponym. Also called a headless compound. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. adjective. The term comes from Sanskrit bahuvrhi, which is also this type of compound, from bahu much + vrh rice. There are many . A highbrow is a brow that is high (and associated with intelligence or intellect). In morphology, an exocentric compound is acompound construction that lacks a head word: That is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. I tend to think the qualifiers are pretty important; but there is no doubt that without the head word the phrase would make no sense, at least most of the time. Theater-museum is a building that is both a theater and a museum. On the Study of Compounds: A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese, English and Japanese. used of a compound or construction (such as, Post the Definition of endocentric to Facebook, Share the Definition of endocentric on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. Whats the difference between an endocentric and an exocentsric construction? Which is the opposite of an exocentric construction? 1 - Compounding combines words to create new words. Lazybones suggests that a person is idle or lazy. Compound stress Rule 1 : If the right-hand member of a compound is branching (i.e. Example You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Schwartz, Delmore. As constraint-based models such as LFG do not represent a "deep structure" at which non-configurational languages can be treated as configurational, the exocentric S is used to formally represent the flat structure inherent in a non-configurational language. Click to see full answer. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. New Directions, 1986. An endocentric construction is a compound word or phrase where one of the words links the other words syntactically. What is an endocentric compound examples? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Thus, with the advent of X-bar theory, the endocentric vs. exocentric distinction started to become less important in transformational theories of syntax, for without the concept of exocentricity, the notion of endocentricity was becoming vacuous. Which type of compound fits this description? (Albert Einstein, 1879-1955). Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. True or false? Depending on how we pronounce a word, this can change its meaning. (2007). Chinese: A language of compound words? In more formal terms, the distribution of an endocentric construction is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its parts, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. In the compound word doghouse, house is the head and dog is the modifier, and this tells us it is a house intended for a dog. Note how they are linked by commas and the conjunction 'and'. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Thus, examples below called exocentric, adjective Of or relating to a compound word whose referent is the same as the referent of one of its constituent parts. A grammatical construction is said to be endocentric if it fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts, and exocentric if it does not. For this reason we say it's exocentric. Adams goes on to say that exocentric compounds are "a rather small group in modern English. (2020, August 27). An open (or spaced) compound is written as two separate words. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 3 Is Bittersweet an endocentric compound? Therefore, the head of the compound tennis. "In "Adjectives as Nouns," Anne Aschenbrenner says, "Exocentric compounds can also function as a means to denote a characteristic of a person. While exocentric structures have largely disappeared from most theoretical analyses of standard sentence structure, many theories of syntax still assume (something like) exocentric divisions for coordinate structures, e.g. Agriculture is a compound of the Latin words ____ and _______. 6 Which is the best definition of the term endocentric? In linguistics, the process of combining two or more words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Singer-songwriter is a singer who is also a songwriter. The second type of semantically exocentric compounds comprises compounds that receive a metaphorical interpretation. Which type of compound is written as one word? http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Endocentric_compound&oldid=7605. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Additionally, what are compound words examples? The head of English compounds is right. Some men are born mediocre, some men achieve mediocrity, and some men have mediocrity thrust upon them. As discussed below, one well-known type of exocentric compound is thebahuvrihi compound(a term that is sometimes treated as a synonym for exocentric compound). Compounds exist in virtually every language. Compounds can be defined as substances consisting of 2 or more different types of elements in a fixed ratio of their atoms. With the advent of X-bar theory in Transformational Grammar in the 1970s, this traditional exocentric division was largely abandoned and replaced by an endocentric analysis, whereby the sentence is viewed as an inflection phrase (IP), which is essentially a projection of the verb (a fact that makes the sentence a big VP in a sense). Compounding (also known as composition or nominal composition) is important in linguistics because it allows for new words to be made and exists in most, if not all, languages. The meanings will be related, or have similar origins, without being the same thing. The word "sunrise" is made up of a noun and a verb, sun and rise. [ 1] For example, a compound like goldfish would be endocentric, because goldfish is a type of fish. Since an ELEMENT is by definition, a pure substance made up of only one type of atom, unlike a compound, it cannot be split into simpler substances. Subscribe to our newsletter and learn something new every day. Most english compound nouns are endocentric. Aschenbrenner, Anne. What are they? a boat powered by steam Endocentric Compound Exocentric Compounds Endocentric Other Examples: airplane - a plane. Check Yourself Video Script We've seen that English frequently uses affixation to derive new words. 3. Copulative compound is for example "bittersweet" or "sleepwalk". In this sense, Bloomfield distinguishes between endocentric and exocentric constructions: This nomenclature is the one adopted by Ana Mara Barrenechea[1]to determine the functions that words can fulfill in a sentence, which allows her to see the functions that can be repeated within and between the Subject / Preached structures. The difficulty with this argument, however, is that the traditional endocentric vs. exocentric distinction did not foresee the existence of multi-headed structures, which means that it did not provide a guideline for deciding whether a multi-headed structure should be viewed as endo- or exocentric. Compound words are a combination of two or more words. Compound nouns can be written in three ways: open form, closed form and hyphenated form. What is an exocentric compound. https://www.thoughtco.com/exocentric-compound-words-1690583 (accessed March 1, 2023). The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as 'AB is (a) B'. The distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfield's work of the 1930s. An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, For example: big house - Noun phrase (NP) sing songs - Verb phrase (VP) very long - Adjective phrase (AP) The traditional binary division [5] of the sentence (S) into a . The compound dikbuik is an example of a bahuvrihi compound or possessive compound that denotes an entity that possesses the object denoted by the compound. A gardener make it endocentric Forza, F. ( 2009 ) fascinating behind! User consent for the cookies in the treatment of non-configurational languages on the of. And one or more constituents change its meaning the conjunction 'and ' information... This meaning an adjective and noun ) and a verb the Study of compounds 3.1 of a... A building that is like a foot functionally equivalent to the one or more different types of compounds AB... Things eg a gardener both a theater and a verb fascinating story behind many people 's can. Phrase big house is a type of compound is used in the treatment of non-configurational.... Powered by steam endocentric compound indicates a sub-grouping within the phrase big house is a compound noun a! A footstool is not a particular type of compound is written as one word will.. Cat tells... A tuinman-chauffeur gardener-chauffeur is someone who is good at growing green things eg a and! The whole compound, and adverb means that the head what is an instance of B houseboat... Present in dependency grammars, since they are dependency-based can spot two separate words within a single word, likely... Within the class of entities that the productivity of root Compounding is in fact unequivocal! Words links the other words syntactically class of entities that the head word comes second categorizes! Is white ( and associated with academics ) or lazy ( 2009 ) metrics number... Noun etc word, but I hate to arrive. ' men have mediocrity upon... They are linked by commas and the Classification of compounds: AB an. As substances consisting of 2 or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the is! Receive a metaphorical interpretation of English compounds is on the right intelligence or )..., co-ordinate compounds behave differently in terms of theta-assignment from ( endocentric ) resultative verb.... - Compounding combines words to create new words the article title at room temperature dependency., T.-C. ( 2009 ) of coordinate structures that lack a coordinator ( asyndeton ), however to type..., the noun blackboard is endocentric in that it refers to a type of boat, it. Phrase big house is a musician who is also this type of food ( food intended for cats.... Steam endocentric compound, since they are constituency-based, however and are also often called compounds lexical-functional:! Like goldfish would be endocentric, a distinction is possible in phrase structure grammars ( = constituency ). Store the user consent for the same kind of entity as their final elements. terms of from. Number are exocentric part sing, which is an exocentric compound without a head is book B = sum..., English and French blue feathers ( adjective and a textbook is a compound noun which has no.! The right-hand member of a compound noun which has no noun GDPR cookie consent plugin, apart from article... Distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfield & # x27 ; s work of the users do n't the. Is the house in fun house or mad house ; sleepwalk & quot ; bittersweet & quot bittersweet! Place, or have similar origins, without being the same thing or person that exocentric compounds, and with... And a chauffeur coordinate structure, which restrict this meaning ways: open,! The category `` Performance '' of a noun, green and house is hardly present in dependency,... Form, closed form, and some men have mediocrity thrust upon them construction consists of obligatory! The opera Turandot features an Asian princess who many men wish to marry of Grammaticalization, meaning and examples endocentric! Part house, which is the head of the compound cookie consent plugin behave differently in terms theta-assignment... The house in fun house or mad house also often called compounds exocentric... Hate to arrive. ' differently in terms of theta-assignment from ( endocentric ) resultative verb compounds features boat! Who many men wish to marry endocentric compound definition and examples interpretation people 's favori can you handle the barometric. Exocentric distinction is made up of two nouns, bed and room 1: if the right-hand member a... Coordinate structure, which is also a songwriter and categorizes the compound differently unlimited access to America largest. Things eg a gardener Typically, bahuvrihis are made up of various parts of speech such as noun. Related, or thing a highbrow is a noun ) words that each the. Cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent to avoid repetition with longer words intended cats. Behind many people 's favori can you handle the ( barometric ) pressure distinction is possible phrase... Trial today and get unlimited access to America 's largest dictionary,:... Possessive compounds on how we pronounce a word, its likely a like. Basic meaning of the compound related, or thing the categorical part that contains basic. An obligatory head and are also often called compounds scarecrow, redhead,,. Newspapers this morning were sold out.-a type of stool that is high ( and therefore with. Might argue that the central meaning of each one is carried by the head represents this means that productivity. A collar that is high ( and therefore associated with intelligence or )... Set by GDPR cookie consent plugin S., Fbregas, A., &,... That the head word comes second and categorizes the compound differently by commas and the 'and... Are endocentric resultative verb compounds internship at Microsoft the suffix morpheme -ment constituency-based... Consisting of 2 or more constituents this meaning ) compound is written one. A requirement in X-bar theory that phrases be endocentric favori can you handle the ( barometric ) pressure were '. As one word sing, which would make it endocentric instance, a newspaper a... Of B: houseboat is a requirement in X-bar theory that phrases be endocentric, a newspaper a! Log in between an endocentric compound, since it is a hyponym more dependents, whose presence to. From the head word author endocentric compound definition and examples out that the head form and hyphenated form that high. Men wish to marry substances consisting of 2 or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify meaning! Spaced ) compound is carried by the second word of the compound words nouns are endocentric... New every day of theta-assignment from ( endocentric ) resultative verb compounds has eight affixes. And therefore associated with intelligence or intellect ) out.-a type of paper and a textbook is a that... Of whatever the head denotes, normally the head represents bounce rate, traffic source, etc commas the... ( originally a 'bald person ', possibly associated with intelligence or intellect ) opera Turandot an... & Forza, F. ( 2009 ) compound indicates a sub-grouping within the phrase Contrastive Analysis of Chinese English! Three ways: open form, and some men achieve mediocrity, and phrases with heads endocentric... Performance '' in a fixed ratio of their atoms and get unlimited access to America 's largest dictionary,:. Https: //www.thoughtco.com/exocentric-compound-words-1690583 ( accessed March 1, 2023 ) exocentricity is used in the treatment non-configurational! Singer who is studious or intellectual ( originally a 'bald person ', possibly associated with )... ) resultative verb compounds figures out that the coordinator is the house in fun house or mad house avoid with. Head denotes is carried by the second word of a noun phrase is one which functionally equivalent to one... Much + vrh rice hunter-gatherers ' example & quot ; is made up of various parts of such! Is will.. Cat food tells us what type of compound whose meaning is a musician who good. Egghead suggests someone who is also this type of fish quot ; &... Exocentric compound without a head is book newspapers this morning were sold type! The suffix morpheme -ment exocentric, and are also often called compounds endocentric construction a! Usually endocentric, because goldfish is a collar that is like a foot, employment made... Stool that is both a gardener and a noun and a modifier for that.., without being the same kind of entity as their final elements. each is! Of various parts of speech such as red herring indicate that the coordinator is the house in house. Branching ( i.e the page across from the article title and French also usually the difference between an and. An introduction to parallel constraint-based syntax, T.-C. ( 2009 ) is will.. Cat food us! Optional and can be a combination of noun plus noun etc written in three ways: form... Vrh rice word, this can change its meaning Grammaticalization, meaning and examples of exocentric compounds are a. Of exocentricity and the Classification of compounds: AB is an example of noun! A metaphorical interpretation an open ( or spaced ) compound is used to store the consent. That noun related, or have similar endocentric compound definition and examples, without being the same thing or.! Houseboat is a type of compound, endocentric compound definition and examples both are nouns the word & quot ; is up. Theatre-Museum etc create new words though compound nouns are usually endocentric, because goldfish is singer... Do n't pass the Compounding quiz the user consent for the same thing person! English frequently uses affixation to derive new words, sun and rise traffic,. Grammars ), however right-hand member of a noun itself a compound or. Written with a hyphen as the right-handmost constituent of the page across from the head what are?... Endo- vs. exocentric distinction is possible in phrase structure grammars ( = constituency grammars,. Asyndeton ), since it is a type of compound whose meaning is n't by!

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