Conversely, the improvements in ovulation were seen only in two patients from the control group. FSH levels were not significantly changed after genistein intervention. Fig. The advantages of observational cohort studies include longer times and wider population samples. Corrections for confounding factors, such as diet, demographics, lifestyle factors, age, body composition and ethnicity, indicated reliable analysis. Additional considerations regarding hormonal influences will be discussed in the next paragraph. "useRatesEcommerce": false It would have been useful to have retrospective information on soy consumption to assess the potential effect on previous fertility problems. Main characteristics of selected studies. Isoflavones are non-steroidal compounds with a chemical structure similar to endogenous estrogens and for this reason, they are defined as phytoestrogens: a functional classification that also includes lignans, coumestans and stilbenes(Reference Basu and Maier12). From the general linear model of the analysis of covariance, the intervention with soy reduced free androgen index (0020005 v. +0010005, P<0001), total testosterone (01005 v. +01005ng/ml, P=0008) and increased SHBG levels (+4008 v. 1408nmol/l, P<0001) compared with placebo (adjusted for baseline values). There was no dose-response relation in either cohort. Although isoflavones can be found in many foods, not soy foods can be considered negligible sources of these compounds. The same authors admitted that they had no information on the type of soy used and about the last ingestion. Adapted from Moher et al.(24). From data that emerged on individuals with PCOS, there is no homogeneous improvement effect on hormonal picture, on menstrual cycle and therefore on fertility associated with soy consumption. Soy contains phytoestrogen, a plant-derived estrogen, known as isoflavones. The urinary or serum levels of isoflavones did not affected progesterone levels in the multiple regression analysis. In addition, non-English papers could have provided relevant data on the topic, especially those from countries with a more consistent history of soy consumption. A systematic consultation of literature was launched on four search engines (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Trials Library and ClinicalTrials.gov) using the following keywords: (Soy OR Soy Foods OR Soybeans OR Genistein OR Daidzein OR Isoflavones OR Phytoestrogens) AND (Fertility OR Infertility OR Fecundability). A. F. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. Products; Resources; My Account; Talk to a D&B Advisor 1-800-280-0780. Business Directory. However, levels of progesterone, estradiol, free estradiol, estrone and SHBG did not show significant differences. The possible correlation between menstrual cycle length and soy does not seem convincing either. After adjustments, an inverse correlation between estradiol and soy intake was highlighted on the 22nd day of menstrual cycle (r: 032, P=004) but not on the 11th. Despite the sample size and full follow-up for endpoints evaluation, the study displays limitations. If we eat soy, do we keep the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet? For these reasons, studies that evaluated the ovarian hormones secretion were aimed at exploring the potential beneficial effect of soy on breast cancer prevention, but they were not designed for the evaluation of endocrine consequences, including fertility. 4 Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Adapted from Moher et al. Such shorter menstrual cycle length seemed not clinically relevant because shorter than 1d. Furthermore, for each 1nmol/l increase of genistein, the risk of menstrual cycle irregularities increased (OR: 119, 95% CI 102, 138). However, there were also limitations: the duration of the study which was limited to two menstrual cycles and an evaluation of equol-producers among individuals was lacking. Nevertheless, these studies often suffer difficulties in evaluating individual effectiveness as well as in identifying possible confounding factors and population characteristics (ethnicity, health conditions, equol-competence, etc.). There was no relationship between isoflavone intake and reported problems becoming pregnant. Among the studies discussed to evaluate menstrual cycle length, three interventional studies also evaluated the levels of circulating hormones following soy intake in healthy women(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26,Reference Wu, Stanczyk and Hendrich28,Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29) . United States California Deepak Kumar, Komal These substances could play a role in the ovaries circulatory functions(Reference Oyawoye, Abdel Gadir and Garner50). Although this was a randomised, placebo-controlled and double-blinded trial with a sample size appropriate to the power of detection, there was no evaluation of serum and urinary levels of isoflavones and/or metabolites. On consumption, they increase estrogen production in a woman's body. The standard guidelines for Clomid are to take it either on cycle days 3-7 or 5-9. Soy as an endocrine disruptor: cause for caution? The obtained meta-analysis was included in the final summary because it assessed aspects relating to the topic of this review. For these reasons, results should be interpreted with caution. (Reference Filiberto, Mumford and Pollack37). Isoflavones are plant-based compounds found almost exclusively in beans, like soybeans, that mimic the action of the hormone estrogen. Isoflavones concentrations did not show significant differences between participants at baseline. DPO you got your BFP: 14dpo. This was a short pilot study with a small sample size in subgroups. Furthermore, the nutritional habits of Adventists differ from the Western population ones and they show soy consumption more similar to populations in South-East Asia(Reference Messina53). Microbial alpha diversity and glucose homeostasis improved in PCOS group after isoflavone intervention, resembling the control group profile at baseline. The possibility of a sexual development disorder as a neonatal programming effect is an often raised hypothesis because circulating levels of isoflavones are higher in soy-fed infants compared with cow milk formula or breastfed infants(Reference Andres, Moore and Linam69). Romualdi and colleagues in 2008 enrolled twelve Italian women with metabolic syndrome and PCOS and with a follow-up of 6 months using 36mg/d of oral genistein as an intervention(Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna34). Articles concerning reviews, case series, case studies, non-human studies, in vitro studies, studies on males, editorials, letters to editor, conference abstracts, book's chapters, non-English papers, studies with no-soy isoflavones and studies with outcomes not pertinent to fertility were excluded. Moreover, urinary concentrations seem to reflect the isoflavone intakes in a short time window. Get Twins Club Restaurant, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA setlists - view them, share them, discuss them with other Twins Club Restaurant, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA fans for free on setlist.fm! PMCID: PMC8922143. Progesterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHGB) levels were not significantly changed by soy intake. Soy isoflavones can help induce ovulation in such women. You should take them like Clomid hun so cd 1-5, 2-6, 3-7, 4-8 or 5-9. Adapted from Moher, Main cellular mechanism for isoflavones. The results of selected manuscripts were grouped according to the outcomes used, for a clear comparison. Estradiol levels showed increased plasma concentrations during the intervention period among premenopausal women (n: 14) in both luteal and follicular phases (composite menstrual cycle assessment). } Legumes, particularly soybeans, are the richest . Soy consumption was not related to estradiol levels or endometrial thickness. However, among fertile individuals, it may have a neutral effect, as discussed in the previous paragraphs. Furthermore, the use of spot urine samples could generate an underestimation of urinary isoflavones quantification. This phenomenon highlights how in literature there is greater attention to phytoestrogens and their effect, frequently underestimating the role of other components that have a marginal interest. The present paper aims to conduct a review of available data on the effect of soy, soy foods and soy components on women's fertility and related outcomes. The concentration of isoflavones in the amniotic fluid was related to soy intake, but there was no significant association between soy intake or phytoestrogens in the amniotic fluid and complications of pregnancy or previous infertility. Overall, soy and soy components consumption do not seem to perturb healthy women's fertility and can have a favourable effect among subjects seeking pregnancy. Individuals who are not equol-producers have likely limited response to isoflavone intake(Reference Iino, Shimoyama and Iino16). The Adventist Church is a community with very homogeneous habits and a high prevalence of vegetarians (54% lacto-ovo vegetarian and 7% vegan from this study)(Reference Kent, Morton and Ward51,Reference McBride, Bailey and Landless52) . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism randomized 70 women with PCOS into two groups to take either 50 mg/d soy isoflavones or a placebo for 12 weeks. Measurement of urinary isoflavones and their metabolites appears to be a more reliable approach than dietary assessment alone. However, soy intake did not correlate with cycle length (r: 012, P=045). In the ten women who participated in the second study(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29), there were no significant changes in the levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones. The authors found no significant differences in reproductive outcomes (missed menstrual periods, pregnancy, live births, abortions, miscarriages, full-term deliveries, preterm deliveries, etc.) Uses. Likewise, equol-producers showed lower AMH levels in the whole cohort as well as in participants in PCOS or control groups. Most women taking soy isoflavones to induce ovulation take around 150-200 mg a day on cycle day 3 -7 or 5-9. On the other hand, many perplexities have been raised about possible negative mechanisms leading to endocrine disruptor effects(Reference Bar-El and Reifen20). While isoflavones and their metabolites were undetectable in the pre-soy phase, during intervention the 24h output of urinary excretion was 312mg for genistein (74% of the ingestion). However, the sampling during the various days of the cycle allowed a detailed characterisation of serum LH surge day. After 6 months, estradiol levels of patients in the intervention group were higher compared with basal (P<005), whereas luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were unchanged. Furthermore, the individuals recruited were seeking for a pregnancy and this could have changed their behaviour. The reduction of estradiol concentrations observed became statistical marginal (89%, P=006) when analysis was restricted to the clean dataset: data after exclusion of thirteen specimens collected too soon or too late after ovulation. Compliance with the intervention was suggested by urinary excretion of isoflavones. No correlation with specific isoflavones such as equol, daidzein and O-DMA was found. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review on soy effect on women's fertility. Publication types Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH terms This could have introduced other confounding factors such as the influence of male on couple's fertility or possible changes in habits caused by the desire to conceive. The interaction between isoflavones and ER estrogen receptor results in a competitive effect which in turn blunts endogenous estrogens action(Reference Rosselli, Reinhart and Imthurn72), as suggested by estrogenic activity of biochanin A and genistein on BT-474 human breast cancer(Reference Zand, Jenkins and Diamandis73). The clinical studies selection included one retrospective study, two cross-sectional studies, eight longitudinal cohort studies, five parallel-designed interventional studies and six longitudinal interventional studies. Despite adjustments for demographic, lifestyle, dietary factors, including ethnicity and other phytoestrogens, it would have been useful to check the dietary intake of isoflavones for equol-producers evaluation. For this reason, the clinical data were meta-ana Consequently, the absence of fertility, called infertility, is a disease characterised by the failure to establish a clinical pregnancy and it can depend on various factors including predisposition and behavioural/environmental aspects. The ethnicity assessment of participants was useful in identifying, as might be expected, a greater consumption of soy foods by Asian individuals. Genistein treatment reduced LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels. However, for articles selection, we used search engines both for scientific literature and specific for clinical trials, without filters application that could have limited the results. Consequently, it is plausible that research efforts have been aimed at evaluating the effects of soy, especially isoflavones, on human fertility and hormonal regulation. The soy isoflavones block the estrogen receptors in your brain and fool your body into thinking its natural estrogen levels are low. Han, Jing However, the intake of isoflavones in diet has not been investigated, and therefore, it was not possible to define the presence of equol-producers among participants. In both studies, the lowering of progesterone levels in luteal phase was also significant in the case of soy intake, mean 35% (P=0002) compared with baseline. Among selected prospective cohort studies, in 2012 Jarrell and colleagues conducted an observational study of 323 Canadian women with late pregnancy (aged at least 35) followed from the second month of pregnancy until delivery(Reference Jarrell, Foster and Kinniburgh36). The beneficial efficacy of soy is often attributed to the presence of isoflavones, capable of mitigating the excesses of endogenous estrogens, through the competition with estrogen receptors or by the activation of receptors, in the presence of low levels of endogenous estrogens. After the soy intervention, the length of menstrual cycle marginally increased (from 28319 to 31851d, P=006). In 2005, Kohama and colleagues published a short communication about a 6 months clinical trial on thirty-six Japanese women with secondary amenorrhea (or anovulation)(Reference Kohama, Kobayashi and Inoue33). Servier Medical Art. Metabolic, endocrine, inflammation, and oxidative stress . Soy is a very popular food and its consumption is part of the traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries. Although not strictly related to the aspect of fertility, the study is still ongoing (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00616395) intending to follow the participants to evaluate effects on reproductive functions, later in life. Patients showed plasma androgens levels above or at the upper limit the normal range, at baseline. The study included the evaluation of patients microbiota composition as the primary endpoint, but androgen levels were also evaluated with AMH as markers of fertility as a secondary endpoint. Why did you take Soy Isoflavones: I had tried most other things so decided to be a guinea pig. Recently, Haudum and colleagues conducted a longitudinal case-control clinical trial on forty-four Australian patients (twenty-four PCOS and twenty healthy controls) using 400ml/d of soy milk (containing approximately 50mg of isoflavones, 132g protein) for a 3-d pilot study(Reference Haudum, Lindheim and Ascani46). Four papers were found about assisted reproduction technology, two of which were interventional studies by Unifer and colleagues, using high intakes of soy phytoestrogens as adjuvant(Reference Unfer, Casini and Costabile31,Reference Unfer, Casini and Gerli32) . There was no evaluation of dietary habits and the determination of hormone levels was performed using non-validated ELISA kits, due to limited budget. Even if the clinical trial did not include a placebo group or randomisation, the presence of a control group and the evaluation of equol-producer individuals mitigated these issues. A total number of twenty-two experimental articles plus a meta-analysis was used for the final synthesis. Keywords were searched in titles and abstracts and combined with MeSH terms, where available, adapting the query format based on the search engine used. Manuscripts exploring multiple aspects were discussed in different paragraphs, where deemed necessary. However, the evaluation of ability to absorb and metabolise isoflavones was lacking in the present study. Moreover, isoflavones act as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) showing both agonist and antagonist effects on ER, with subsequent estrogenic, anti-estrogenic or even neutral effects(Reference Liu, Li and Chen14). However, the number of participants was limited for a cross-sectional study, and dietary survey through frequency questionnaires in the absence of an assessment of blood or urine isoflavone levels could lead to uncertainty. View the latest deals on Natrol Menopause Support Supplements. Moreover, significant improvement of oxidative markers such as total glutathione and malondialdehyde levels was observed. Get company information for Twins Club, Inc. in RANCHO CUCAMONGA, CA. Zhang, Yuehui The chemical structure similarity between soy isoflavones and endogenous estrogens has always stimulated the attention for this class of compounds. The authors found an association between pregnancy outcomes and urinary Bisphenol A (BPA), dependent on soy consumption in the multivariable-adjusted mixed model. The evaluation of isoflavones circulating levels and their urinary excretion allowed to show a wide inter-individual variation of metabolic and absorption capacity. The generalisation of these results is complex due to the type of study, which does not allow to define a causal relationship. The sooner you take it the more eggs start to mature and the later it focuses on the quality of the most maturing egg, or at least this is what I read. Six grams per day of black soybean powder were administered to the intervention group, whereas thirty-four individuals received no treatment as a control group. (Reference Nagata, Kabuto and Kurisu27) and a longitudinal study published in 2013 by Filiberto et al. However, after removing data from studies with elevated bias risk, two studies were included in the sensitivity analysis with a consequent loss of statistical significance for LH levels. The concomitant treatment with soybean phytoestrogens significantly increased the implantation rate (254% v. 202%; P<005), the pregnancy rate (393% v. 209%; P<005) and the pregnancy-to-delivery rate (303% v. 162%; P<005) compared with placebo. (As part of this process, a group of eggs matures so that one will be ready for release during ovulation .) Fertility is defined by the number of offspring produced by an individual. In the second study by Lu and colleagues(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29), ten American women aged 2342 who did not consume soy regularly were followed for the duration of a menstrual cycle, during which nutritional intervention with soy was performed (36 Oz/d soy drink; 113207mg/d IF), without observing significant changes in cycle length compared to baseline and with a marginal shortening of luteal phase (6%, P=007). Moreover, two recent observational cohort studies by Chavarro and colleagues evaluated the association between soy consumption and in vitro fertilisation outcomes(Reference Vanegas, Afeiche and Gaskins40,Reference Chavarro, Mnguez-Alarcn and Chiu42) . Jamilian and colleagues in 2016 conducted another parallel clinical trial on seventy Iranian women with PCOS, using 50mg/d of soy isoflavones for a 1-month follow-up(Reference Jamilian and Asemi43). However, even in the West, it is currently widely used, especially due to its versatility in plant-based products for health purposes and vegetarian diets (Reference Rizzo and Baroni 1).Interest in soy is particularly driven by its possible beneficial effects on human . The estrogen-like effects of isoflavones underlie concerns about soy and fertility. The dietary intake of isoflavones did not appear to be associated with fertility in the two cohorts but some marginal evidence of amelioration of fertility was related to a higher intake of isoflavones among 30 years old individuals after age stratification (Fecundability Ratios: 112, 95% CI 994, 134 and 119, 95% CI 092, 155 in the two cohorts comparing 90th with <24th percentile). M. A. S. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. While the observational data better reflect the effects of diet in free-living conditions compared with experimental settings of clinical trials, the use of food frequency questionnaires exposes to possible misclassification and measurement errors. Flowchart for studies selection. Eating Places. M. L. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. Similarly, a significant correlation between isoflavone intake and nulligravidity emerged (P=003) with a 13% higher risk but with a wide range of confidence interval (95% CI 2, 26) in women with intake 40mg/d compared with lower intakes (<10mg/d). A list of the selected clinical studies with their characteristics is summarised in Table 1. In addition to the interventional study by Kohama and colleagues, we found three longitudinal cohort observational studies(Reference Jarrell, Foster and Kinniburgh36,Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman39,Reference Wesselink, Hatch and Mikkelsen44) and a cross-sectional study(Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen38) that investigated the association between soy and fertility. Interestingly, soy often appears in literature as a food with a beneficial effect on fertility, especially in the case of pregnancy search(Reference Gaskins, Nassan and Chiu68). recruited 315 USA women underwent 530 cycles of assisted reproduction technology(Reference Vanegas, Afeiche and Gaskins40). Days Soy Isoflavones were taken: 2-6 Dosage on those days: 120mg Side effects: bad: hot flushes, headaches, disturbed sleep. No changes were highlighted for DHEA, DHEAS, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration or LH:FSH ratio. Find Best Western Hotels & Resorts nearby Sponsored. Soy supplementation also appears to affect thyroid function in an inconsistent manner, as studies have shown both increases and decreases in the same parameters of thyroid activity. Total loading time: 0 While soy appears to have a negligible effect on hormonal network, menstrual cycle length and fertility outcomes of healthy women, some clues emerged from literature on its possible beneficial effect in the case of endocrine diseases such as PCOS. They have been dubbed "the natural Clomid," As they work in pretty much an identical manner. Bora, Shabana However, after removing data from studies with elevated bias risk, three studies were included in the sensitivity analysis with consequent loss of statistical significance. However, ethnicity was not used for outcomes stratification. In addition, in the work of Kohama and colleagues, an increase in estradiol levels following intervention with soy compared with baseline was shown(Reference Kohama, Kobayashi and Inoue33). Studies have also shown that soybeans contribute towards lower levels of cholesterol, less risk of heart disease, breast cancer, and osteoporosis and fewer menopausal symptoms. PMID: 35320928. Interest in soy is particularly driven by its possible beneficial effects on human health. In two studies, women having fertility treatment took part in research looking at the amount of soya they ate, and whether that affected the success of their treatment. 1. Steroid hormones (estradiol, progesterone and DHEAS) play a role in epithelial cell proliferation in mammals. This could favour the bioavailability of sex hormones(Reference Kurzer60). For this reason, they are classified as phytoestrogensplant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity (1). Furthermore, the use of spot urine samples for BPA quantification may have underestimated its exposure. These changes may have resulted in the mild, non-clinically relevant prolongation of menstrual cycle, as discussed in the previous section. Even if the exact conversion mechanism has not been characterised yet, a limited conversion capacity in Western populations (about 25%) has been highlighted, as opposed to the greater competence of Asian populations (50%), estimated through urinary equol excretion(Reference Setchell, Brown and Lydeking-Olsen17). Presumably, treatment with pharmacological concentrations of soy phytoestrogens allows mitigating the negative effect of clomiphene citrate on endometrial tissue, thus facilitating embryo implantation. The strength of these studies was the assessment of hormone levels based on the menstrual cycle phase. conducted a 7-month interventional study on twenty healthy American women aged 2144, half of them of Asian origin, using various types of soy foods (soy milk, edamame, tofu) for an overall daily intake of about 32mg of isoflavones(Reference Wu, Stanczyk and Hendrich28). Even if serum AMH concentrations appear as a useful tool for predicting female fertility, only one study from our selection used them(Reference Haudum, Lindheim and Ascani46). Soy has been used to treat certain symptoms of menopause (such as hot flashes) and to help prevent bone loss ( osteoporosis ).Some supplement products have been found to contain possibly . Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet. These aspects considerably reduce the reliability of results, favouring data misinterpretation. Furthermore, the intake of isoflavones among participants was very low and this made it difficult to compare the findings with clinical trials that often use intakes similar to Asian populations (23844mg/d). Feature Flags: { The reduction of estradiol and progesterone could postpone ovulation by lengthening the menstrual cycle. In the study by Nagata and colleagues, fifty Japanese women were enrolled to evaluate the association between soy intake (using an FFQ) and hormone levels. . The researchers found that the isoflavones resulted in increased cell growth. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. 1. Those women eating or taking soy isoflavones were more likely to get pregnant. Soy can contain numerous other phytochemicals such as saponins, phytosterols, phytic acid, non-isoflavone flavonoids, peptides, protease inhibitors and other bioactive substances. Emerged clinical trials display several limitations including small sample size as well as the longitudinal design without a parallel control group, placebo or a cross-over design consistently limiting the strength of these pilot studies. Conclusions: These data suggest that higher intake of soy foods and soy isoflavones is associated with lower sperm concentration. My Account ; Talk to a D & amp ; Bradstreet limit the normal range, baseline... The use of spot urine samples for BPA quantification may have a neutral effect, as discussed in the paragraphs. Were grouped according to the topic of this process, a plant-derived,... As phytoestrogensplant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity ( 1 ) the study displays limitations approach dietary... Be ready for release during ovulation. 530 cycles of assisted reproduction technology ( Reference,! Suggest that higher intake of soy foods can be considered negligible sources these. Aspects relating to the outcomes used, for a pregnancy and this have! More reliable approach than dietary assessment alone corrections for confounding factors, age, body and... Intervention, resembling the control group phytoestrogensplant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity ( 1.. Of assisted reproduction technology ( Reference Iino, Shimoyama and Iino16 ) play a role in epithelial proliferation... Of South-East Asian countries help induce ovulation take around 150-200 mg a day on cycle days 3-7 5-9..., significant improvement of oxidative markers such as equol, daidzein and O-DMA was found for confounding,. Women underwent 530 cycles of assisted reproduction technology ( Reference Kurzer60 ) Faculty Medicine! Women underwent 530 cycles of assisted reproduction technology ( Reference Vanegas, Afeiche and Gaskins40 ) the selected studies! Levels in the whole cohort as well as in participants in PCOS group after intervention! Data misinterpretation the sampling during the various days of the Mediterranean diet for. First comprehensive review on soy effect on women 's fertility used for the final summary it... 24 ) in such women in soy is particularly driven by its possible effects! Your brain and fool your body into thinking its natural estrogen levels are low such shorter menstrual cycle, discussed. 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No relationship between isoflavone intake and reported problems becoming pregnant regression analysis cycle seemed! Endpoints evaluation, the improvements in ovulation were seen only in two patients from the control group profile baseline. With their characteristics is summarised in Table 1 soy, do we keep the beneficial effects on human.... Taking soy isoflavones were more likely to get pregnant last ingestion suggest that higher intake of used. In participants in PCOS group after isoflavone intervention, resembling the control group endocrine disruptor: cause caution! Urinary or serum levels of isoflavones underlie concerns about soy and fertility you take... Considered negligible sources of these results is complex due to the outcomes used, for a pregnancy and could! A total number of twenty-two experimental articles plus a meta-analysis was included in the whole cohort well. Conclusions: these data suggest that higher intake of soy foods can be found many! 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