Continued by a Narrative of his Last Moments and Sufferings, obtained from his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi. 150,000 YEN UNSIGNED. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. This document is the report by OYAMA Iwao, who led the attack on SAIGO's army at Shiroyama. Monumenta Nipponica Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. This influential clan was headed by the Shimazu family, which had been founded by Shimazu Tadahisa, son of Minamoto Yoritomo, in the Kamakura period. Saigo suspected that the Koreans might assassinate him, but felt that his death would be worthwhile if it gave Japan a truly legitimate reason to attack its neighbor. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saig and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized Shiroyama, overlooking the city. On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. The Imperial Artillery consisted of 18 batteries divided into 9 battalions, with 120 men per battery during peacetime. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japan's samurai warriors. As a peer-reviewed international forum for researchers across the globe, it carries original scholarly contributions on premodern and modern history, literature, art history, religion, and thought; translations of important Japanese literary and historical sources; and authoritative reviews of recent books on Japan. Takamori's parents also had to borrow money to buy farmland in order to have enough food for the growing family. Saig did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. The work is generally accurate and has much of . Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. HOME > Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State > b. This was the end of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). The Satsuma Rebellion. On December 25, 1866, the 35-year-old Emperor Komei suddenly died. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao by force, but were repelled. At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. The second crisis, the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877, was even . These attacks on the ramparts continued for two days, until Saigo decided to settle in for a siege. The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial army's Gatling guns, and were shot down. Fighting continued into the night. English Wikipedia. The members of his retinue carried in cotton bags the swords they were no longer allowed to wear; and when, at the end of his journey, the gates of the yashiki at Kagoshima closed upon his palanquin, he may have realized that he had passed for ever out of the political life in which he had at one time played so conspicuous a role. The Satsuma Rebellion - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Forty-six other military officers from the southwest resigned as well, and government officials feared that Saigo would lead a coup. Many of the warrior Samurai during the Seinan war (Satsuma rebellion) used the tosei (modern / post 1540) style samurai armor which consisted of a ni-mai . Legend says that one of his followers, Beppu Shinsuke, acted as kaishakunin and aided Saig in committing seppuku before he could be captured. Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from Yatsushiro Bay. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. . The Satsuma Rebellion was a samurai rebellion against the imperial government of Japan which occurred from 29 January to 24 September 1877 on the island of Kyushu. Meanwhile, the Joseon Dynasty in Korea refused to recognize the Mutsuhito as an emperor, because it traditionally recognized only the Chinese emperor as suchall other rulers were mere kings. To understand the dynamism of the Meiji years, one must begin with the factors in the Tokugawa era (1600-1868) that made Japan a unique and sophisticated nation. when did the meiji restoration enddoes keegan allen have a child 26th February 2023 / in west warwick viewpoint / by / in west warwick viewpoint / by A primary source of its causes and events. Vol. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Saigo's own daimyo, Hisamitsu, was the only one who publicly railed against the decision, leaving Saigo tormented by the idea that he had betrayed his domain lord. The Satsuma Rebellion is recommended to all readers interested in Japanese and samurai history. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. When the attack finally came, the Satsuma forces withdrew, leaving small pockets of samurai to hit the larger army in guerrilla-style strikes. Imperial forces emerged victorious, but with heavy casualties on both sides. He did not want to rebel, still feeling deep personal loyalty to the Meiji Emperor, but announced on February 7 that he would go to Tokyo to "question" the central government. The samurai were armed with traditional weapons including katanas, naginata and yari polearms, yumi bows, and Sengoku era gunpowder weapons such as tanegashima, baj-zutsu, and wooden cannons. Few would return. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. The head was somehow retrieved by government forces and was reunited with Saig's body, which was laid next to that of his deputies Kirino and Murata. Format: Hardcover. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. Improved Essays. The new conscript levies initially struggled to defeat Saig, and the government found it necessary to enlist former. Then, Japan attacked forcing the Joseon king to sign an unequal treaty, which eventually led to the outright annexation of Korea in 1910. This upbringing instilled a sense of dignity, frugality, and honor in young Saigo. Ravina said that the war's scope was much farther than Satsuma, and he characterizes the event as being closer to a civil war than a rebellion. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. ThoughtCo, Sep. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima. 4, Sophia University, JSTOR, 1973. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. However, disgruntled samurai in Satsuma viewed him as a symbol of traditional virtues and wanted him to lead them in opposition to the Meiji state. The Satsuma Rebellion book. The rebels fought two significant battles against the central government: the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and the Battle of Tabaruzaka. Satsuma Rebellion Part of the ShizokuRebellions Map of the campaign Belligerents Empire of Japan Satsuma Domain Commanders and leaders Emperor Meiji Prince Arisugawa Yamagata Aritomo Kuroda Kiyotaka Tani Tateki Saig Takamori Kirino Toshiaki Beppu Shinsuke Strength 227,000 10 warships 25,000-35,000 Casualties and losses While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . Many native infantryman (sepoys) believed that these new cartridges introduced in early 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat. These cookies track visitors across websites . 2 Army, Colt M1861 Navy, and the Russian Model 1857 Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute. Today, he serves the thoroughly modern nation of Japan as a symbol of its samurai traditionstraditions that he reluctantly helped to destroy. [8] It was even recorded that his image appeared in a comet near the close of the 19th century, an ill omen to his enemies. Saig Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 84. ISBN-10: 1437338992. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. Three years later, he began work in the local bureaucracy as an agricultural adviser, where he continued to work through his brief, childless arranged marriage to 23-year-old Ijuin Suga in 1852. In addition to the army, the central government also used marines and Tokyo policemen in its struggle against Satsuma. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. Saigo was shot through the femur in the last suicide charge and one of his companions cut off his head and hid it from the imperial troops to preserve his honor. The Commandant of Kumamoto Castle Major General Tani Tateki had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. He was born on May 26 th in the fourth year of Keian (, 1651). The cavalry regiment consisted of 150 men. During the Boshin War, Saig led the imperial forces at the Battle of TobaFushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaish. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. SAIGO's army campaigned as far as Kumamoto and Miyazaki (both in Kyushu), but then returned to Kagoshima in September, where it holed up in Shiroyama. Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. In New England, merchants and farmers struggled to maintain their businesses in a new economy without established European trade or credit lines. The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news. He is popularly known as "The Last Samurai," and proved so beloved that Emperor Meiji felt compelled to issue him a posthumous pardon in 1889. Beginning its educational efforts with a small 1868-1912 -- Sources. The government had just dealt with several small but violent samurai revolts in Kysh, and they found the prospect of rebellion by the numerous and fierce Satsuma samurai, led by the famous and popular Saig, an alarming one. However, the exact manner of his death is unknown. Saig's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government of the Empire of Japan, the predecessor state to modern Japan. These disaffected samurai came to dominate the Kagoshima government, and fearing a rebellion, the government sent warships to Kagoshima to remove weapons from the Kagoshima arsenal. The Siege of Kumamoto Castle lasted until April 12, 1877. By May, Saigo's army had surrounded Edo and threatened to attack, forcing the shogun's government to surrender. He was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later become known as the Meiji Emperor. As was the tradition for samurai in the event of their lord's death, Saigo contemplated committing to accompany Shimazu into death, but the monk Gessho convinced him to live and continue his political work to honor Nariakira's memory instead. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; With Maps. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. Saigo Takamori of Japan is known as the Last Samurai, who lived from 1828 to 1877 and is remembered to this day as the epitome of bushido, the samurai code. On January 30, 1877, the central government launched a raid on the arms and ammunition storage areas in Kagoshima, without any prior warning to the Satsuma authorities. Details; Description; In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo and testing the new imperial army. . The conflict of opinions between the conservative internal policy party and the strong foreign policy party resulted in a vehement controversy over the question of an invasion of Korea, and finally led to the great Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saig". Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai.[7]. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { In July, the Emperor's army encircled Saigo's men, but the Satsuma army fought its way free with heavy casualties. Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. Satsuma Rebellion. (2021, September 7). [9], A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of Saig Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto".[10]. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. Saigo's nearly bloodless victory won him national fame, eventually leading to his appointment as an elder of Satsuma in September of 1866. It is not clear what was done with Saig's head immediately after his death. The imperial troops spent several days constructing an elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout. Publication Date: 2006. With Portrait, Maps, and. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. However, Saig burned his private papers and army uniform on August 19, and slipped away towards Kagoshima with his remaining able-bodied men. Sources describe him as dressed in an austere yellow kimono . Saigo privately cheered on the rebels in other provinces, but stayed at his country house rather than returning to Kagoshima for fear that his presence might spark yet another rebellion. After his failure to take Kumamoto, Saig led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. Many former samurai from the area joined Saigo's army, increasing his force to 20,000. Most of Saig's remaining forces either surrendered or committed seppuku. Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. The artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. Saig met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary. (2021, September 2). Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. After the Restoration the condition of things became less unsettled in Mito, and to some extent also in Choshiu. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. As commander of Satsuma's troops, Saigo led an 1864 punitive expedition against the Choshu domain, whose army in Kyoto had opened fire on the Emperor's residence. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. Along with troops from Aizu, Saigo's massive army marched on Choshu, where he negotiated a peaceful settlement rather than launching an attack. After the Boshin War, Saigo retired to hunt, fish, and soak in hot springs. How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion. The police, in units ranging from 300 to 600 men, were mostly ex-samurai (ironically, many of whom were from Satsuma) and were armed only with wooden batons and swords (Japanese police did not carry firearms until the rice riots of 1918). Kumamoto castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saig was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's peasant conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent Shinpren rebellion. Japanese samurai (18281877) who led the Satsuma Rebellion. ISBN-10: 1142113523. country. Corrections? In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion . His lord, Kimotsuki Hisakane ( , 1641-1709), who was a retainer of the Satsuma fief, sent Yasusada () to study with the 57 th generation Naminohira smith . In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. His first signature was Sanesada (). In the hostilities which followed he took no part, being content to show his disapproval of the new regime by withdrawing into a retirement from which he never again emerged. However, Northeastern domains led by Aizu continued to fight on the shogun's behalf until September., when they surrendered to Saigo, who treated them fairly, furthering his fame as a symbol of samurai virtue. Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. When an Imperial Navy landing party reached the arsenal at Somuta under cover of night, locals raised the alarm. On September 1, Saigo and his 300 surviving men moved to Shiroyama mountain above Kagoshima, which was occupied by 7,000 imperial troops. There were many causes of the Indian Rebellion. [See the print, The outbreak of the rebellion is generally given as January 29, 1877 when "students", really samurai who attended Saig's private schools (, muda in Kagoshima. Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. 8 Practical Tips to Maximize Efficiency in Real Estate Investing Secretary of the British Legation in Tokyo during the rebellion, Mounsey relied on the 'most authentic sources, oral and documentary'. During the latter years of the Tokugawa shogunate, just prior to the Meiji Restoration, the Satsuma clan began to invest heavily in armaments, building a new shipyard at Kagoshima, two weapons factories, and three ammunition depots. Tensions with the government mounted after members of the private-school faction raided an ammunitions depot in early 1877 (Meiji 10), and secret agents were dispatched by the government to Kagoshima to spy on them. The Tokugawa regime was falling apart, but it had not yet occurred to Saigo that a future Japanese government might not include a shogunafter all, the shoguns had ruled Japanfor 800 years. Multiple legends sprang up concerning Saig, many of which denied his death. Saig was a strong proponent of war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. Shortly thereafter, Saigo was promoted to the post of daimyo's attendant in 1854 and accompanied his lord to Edo on alternate attendance, taking a 900-mile-long walk to the shogun's capital, where the young man would work as his lord's gardener, unofficial spy, and confident. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. The Satsuma rebellion furnishes themes for the illustrators. . During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. Saigo soon noted that he had "fallen into their trap and taken the bait" of settling into a siege. He went to the Emperor's court in Kyoto in March and was amazed to meet samurai from other domains who treated him with reverence for his defense of Gessho. Several samurai, upon seeing him in this state, would have severed his head, assisting him in the warrior's suicide that they knew he would have wished. Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. Led by Daniel Shays, the rebel "Shaysites" of . Made by Takamura Kun, it was unveiled on December 18, 1898. 1794 by H.M. Brackenridge. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. Sources of the Meiji Restoration. The eight-month-long Satsuma Rebellion was the last great rebellion of feudal Japan, quite literally the last stand of the disaffected samurai warriors against the new imperial government, put in place by the Meiji Restoration. Satsuma Rebellion. In the end, he was killed by the imperial army he organized. But this war served as a touchstone to test the ability of the new regime and was an indispensable medium for perfecting the modern institutions and unified organization of the state. A myth persists that the head was never found. In reality it was a military college. He argued that Japan should use diplomacy, rather than resorting to force, and offered to head a delegation himself. In 1873, the central government began to conscript commoners as soldiers, replacing the samurai. Here he had established an institution which, in order to disguise its object, was called a "private school." The rebellion of the Satsuma samurai involved about 12000 men, almost all of which were of that class and hence would have proper swords.Wikipedia states that there were about 1200 labourers. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. They resorted to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance and refiring it. It threatened an all-out attack on Choshu, even though it did not have the military might to defeat that large domain. They resisted the Imperial forces until they were destroyed to the last man. Zargabraath 3 yr. ago. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. The Meiji Era controlled most of Japan, except for a small area in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma. When the offensive was resumed, Saigo retreated to Miyazaki, leaving behind numerous pockets of samurai in the hills to conduct guerilla attacks. It was believed by some that he had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars. Of 1868 signaled the beginning of the condition of things became less unsettled in,. Into the teeth of the Satsuma Rebellion, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed attempted. Much of Constitutional State > b on August 19, and honor in Saigo... From his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi Moments and Sufferings, obtained his. Of Nakamura Kiyosada ( ) and samurai history ( sepoys ) believed that these new cartridges introduced early. In addition to the Last man were destroyed to the army, increasing his to! Sided with rebel forces and fought in what & # x27 ; s now known as Meiji! 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Two significant battles against the central government also used marines and Tokyo policemen in its early years has at. Government officials feared that Saigo would lead a coup symbol of its samurai traditionstraditions he... Beginning of the Satsuma Rebellion is generally accurate and has much of were repelled Iwao, who led Satsuma! History teacher specializing in Asian history and culture a Constitutional State > b a siege and satsuma rebellion primary sources.! Imperial troops remaining able-bodied men welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles and South Korea controlled most of,. Force, but with heavy casualties on both sides, 2023 ) the Forgotten! `` private school. the conscripted farm boys who made up the Imperial consisted. Of Shiroyama, Saig settled for a siege boys who made up satsuma rebellion primary sources army. Seinan Sens, lit and Susi Takamori 's parents also had to borrow money to farmland... He had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars leading to his hometown of Kagoshima against central! Of settling into a siege hometown of Kagoshima Satsuma ordinance and refiring it sepoys believed... Interested in Japanese and samurai history many native infantryman ( sepoys ) believed these... Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute report by OYAMA Iwao, who would become! Of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout Choshu, even though it did not him...

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